What does the Bible teach about self-defense and violence?

The Bible presents a complex and nuanced view on self-defense and violence, reflecting the diverse contexts and circumstances faced by its characters. As a non-denominational Christian pastor, I believe it is essential to approach this topic with a balanced perspective, considering both the Old and New Testament teachings, as well as the overarching principles of love, justice, and righteousness that permeate Scripture.

Old Testament Perspectives

The Old Testament contains numerous accounts of violence and warfare, often portraying them as instruments of divine justice. For example, the Israelites' conquest of Canaan was commanded by God (Joshua 6). However, these narratives must be understood within their historical and theological context. They reflect a time when God's people were establishing a nation in a hostile environment, and divine commands for warfare were specific to particular situations.

The Old Testament also provides guidelines for self-defense and the protection of life. In Exodus 22:2-3, the Law addresses the issue of a thief caught breaking in at night: "If a thief is caught breaking in at night and is struck a fatal blow, the defender is not guilty of bloodshed; but if it happens after sunrise, the defender is guilty of bloodshed." This passage suggests a distinction between self-defense in the face of immediate danger and excessive violence when the threat is not imminent.

Moreover, the Old Testament emphasizes the sanctity of life and the importance of justice. Proverbs 24:11-12 urges, "Rescue those being led away to death; hold back those staggering toward slaughter. If you say, 'But we knew nothing about this,' does not he who weighs the heart perceive it?" This call to protect the innocent and intervene in the face of injustice underscores a broader ethical principle that transcends specific legal codes.

New Testament Teachings

The New Testament introduces a transformative ethic centered on the teachings and example of Jesus Christ. Jesus' Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7) is particularly significant in understanding the Christian approach to violence and self-defense. In Matthew 5:38-39, Jesus challenges the traditional interpretation of "an eye for an eye" by teaching, "But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also."

This radical call to non-retaliation and love for enemies (Matthew 5:44) has led some Christians to adopt a pacifist stance, advocating for non-violence in all circumstances. Jesus' own example, particularly His willingness to suffer and die on the cross without resisting His attackers, provides a powerful model for this perspective.

However, the New Testament also acknowledges the reality of evil and the need for protection. In Luke 22:36, Jesus instructs His disciples, "But now if you have a purse, take it, and also a bag; and if you don’t have a sword, sell your cloak and buy one." This directive, given in the context of impending danger, suggests that there are circumstances where self-defense may be appropriate.

The Apostle Paul further elaborates on the role of governing authorities in maintaining justice and order. In Romans 13:1-4, Paul writes, "Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God... For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer." This passage implies that the use of force by legitimate authorities to uphold justice is sanctioned by God.

Balancing Justice and Mercy

The challenge for Christians is to balance the biblical call to love and mercy with the need for justice and protection. The principle of love, as articulated in the Great Commandment (Matthew 22:37-40), must guide our actions. Love for God and neighbor compels us to seek peace and reconciliation, but it also requires us to stand against injustice and protect the vulnerable.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a prominent Christian theologian and pastor who opposed the Nazi regime, wrestled with these ethical dilemmas. In his book "The Cost of Discipleship," Bonhoeffer emphasizes the call to follow Christ's example of self-sacrifice and non-violence. Yet, in his later writings and actions, he recognized the necessity of resisting evil, even to the point of participating in a plot to assassinate Hitler. Bonhoeffer's life illustrates the tension between the ideal of non-violence and the moral imperative to confront egregious evil.

Practical Considerations

In practical terms, Christians must discern how to apply biblical principles to contemporary situations. This requires prayerful reflection, seeking the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and consulting with wise and mature believers. Some key considerations include:

1. Intent and Motivation: Are our actions motivated by love and a desire to protect, or by anger and a desire for revenge? The heart's condition is crucial in determining the righteousness of our actions.

2. Proportionality: Is the response proportionate to the threat? Excessive force or violence is inconsistent with the biblical ethic of justice and mercy.

3. Last Resort: Have all other avenues for resolving the conflict or protecting oneself been exhausted? Violence should never be the first option but a last resort when all other means have failed.

4. Accountability: Are we acting within the bounds of the law and under appropriate authority? Vigilante justice or taking the law into our own hands is not supported by Scripture.

Conclusion

The Bible's teachings on self-defense and violence are multifaceted, reflecting the complexity of human existence and the diverse situations God's people have faced throughout history. While the Old Testament provides instances of divinely sanctioned warfare and guidelines for self-defense, the New Testament calls Christians to a higher ethic of love, non-retaliation, and peacemaking, exemplified by Jesus Christ.

However, this does not negate the need for justice and protection against evil. Christians are called to balance these principles, seeking to embody Christ's love and mercy while standing against injustice and protecting the vulnerable. This requires wisdom, discernment, and a deep commitment to following the example of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ.

In all things, we must remember that our ultimate hope is in God's kingdom, where peace and righteousness will reign forever. Until that day, we strive to live faithfully, guided by the Holy Spirit and rooted in the transformative love of Christ.